phonological processes development chart

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES DEVELOPMENT CHART SERIES

Leoaică /leˈo̯ajkə/ ('lioness'), rusoaică /ruˈso̯ajkə/ ('Russian woman') I-oi da /jojˈda/ ('I might give him'), picioică /piˈt͡ʃjoj.kə/ ('potato ') Iei /jej/ ('you take'), piei /pjej/ ('skins') Iau /jaw/ ('I take'), suiau /suˈjaw/ ('they were climbing') Mi-ai dat /mjajˈdat/ ('you gave me'), ia-i /jaj/ ('take them') Socoteai /sokoˈte̯aj/ ('you were reckoning')īeau /be̯aw/ ('I drink'), spuneau /spuˈne̯aw/ ('they were saying') Iubit /juˈbit/ ('loved'), chiuvetă /kjuˈvetə/ ('sink') Iod /jod/ ('iodine'), chior /ˈkjor/ ('one-eyed') (mostly in word combinations) pe-un /pe̯un/ ('on a'), vreun /vre̯un/ ('some around ')īiată /ˈbjatə/ ('poor '), mi-a zis /mjaˈzis/ (' told me')įier /fjer/ ('iron'), miere /ˈmjere/ ('honey') Gheorghe /ˈɡe̯orɡe/ ('George'), ne-o ploua /ne̯oploˈwa/ ('it would rain on us'), vreo /vre̯o/ ('some around ')

Mii /mij/ ('thousands'), vii /vij/ ('you come')įiu /fiw/ ('son'), scriu /skriw/ ('I write') Greu /ɡrew/ ('heavy'), mereu /meˈrew/ ('always') Lei /lej/ ('lions'), trei /trej/ ('three') Mai /maj/ ('May'), aisberg /ˈajsberɡ/ ('iceberg') The traditional view (taught in schools) considers all of the above as diphthongs. One view considers that only /e̯a/ and /o̯a/ can follow an obstruent-liquid cluster such as in broască ('frog') and dreagă ('to mend') and form real diphthongs, whereas the rest are merely vowel–glide sequences. In addition to these, the semivowels /w/ and /j/ can be combined (either before, after, or both) with most vowels. As a result of their origin (diphthongization of mid vowels under stress), they appear normally in stressed syllables and make morphological alternations with the mid vowels /e/ and /o/. For instance, Turkish kül became ghiul /ɡjul/ ('large ring'), Turkish tütün became tutun /tuˈtun/ ('tobacco'), but tiutiun in the Moldavian subdialect, German Düse gave duză /ˈduzə/ ('nozzle') and French bureau became birou /biˈrow/ ('desk', 'office').Īccording to Ioana Chițoran, Romanian has two diphthongs: /e̯a/ and /o̯a/. Older words that originally had this sound have had it replaced with /ju/, /u/, or /i/. Educated speakers usually pronounce it /y/, but other realizations such as /ju/ also occur. The symbol used for it in phonetic notations in Romanian dictionaries is ⟨ü⟩. Similarly, borrowings from languages such as French and German sometimes contain the close front rounded vowel /y/: ecru /eˈkry/, tul /tyl/, führer /ˈfyrer/, /ˈfyrər/. In older French borrowings it has often been replaced by /e/, /o/, or /e̯o/, as in șofer /ʃoˈfer/ ('driver', from French chauffeur), masor /maˈsor/ ('masseur', from masseur), and sufleor /suˈfle̯or/ ('theater prompter', from souffleur). Many Romanian dictionaries use ⟨ö⟩ in their phonetic descriptions to represent both vowels.īecause they are not native phonemes, their pronunciation may fluctuate or they may even be replaced by the diphthong /e̯o/.

The borrowed words have become part of the Romanian vocabulary and follow the usual inflexion rules, so that the new vowels, though less common, could be considered as part of the Romanian phoneme set. In addition to the seven core vowels, in a number of words of foreign origin (predominantly French, but also German) the mid front rounded vowel /ø/ (rounded Romanian /e/ example word: bleu /blø/ 'light blue') and the mid central rounded vowel /ɵ/ (rounded Romanian /ə/ example word: chemin de fer /ʃɵˌmen dɵ ˈfer/ ' Chemin de Fer') have been preserved, without replacing them with any of the existing phonemes.

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES DEVELOPMENT CHART SERIES

The table below gives a series of word examples for each vowel.Īlthough most of these vowels are relatively straightforward and similar or identical to those in many other languages, the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/ is uncommon as a phoneme and especially uncommon amongst Indo-European languages.Īccording to Sarlin (2014), /ə/ is phonetically open-mid somewhat retracted central, rather than mid central. ⟨î⟩ is, however, still retained when adding prefixes: înțeles → ne înțeles. ⟨î⟩ is used at the beginning and end of words, while ⟨â⟩ is used everywhere else. ^ In Romanian, both ⟨î⟩ and ⟨â⟩ represent the same sound ( / ɨ/).

Phonological processes development chart